Git is a distributed version control system DVCS designed for efficient source code management, suitable for both small and large projects. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously without overwriting changes, supporting collaborative work, continuous integration, and deployment. This Git and GitHub tutorial is designed for beginners to learn fundamentals and advanced concepts, including branching, pushing, merging conflicts, and essential Git commands. Prerequisites include familiarity with the command line interface CLI, a text editor, and basic programming concepts. Git was developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development and tracks changes, manages versions, and enables collaboration among developers. It provides a complete backup of project history in a repository. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories, facilitating project access, collaboration, and version control. The tutorial covers topics such as Git installation, repository creation, Git Bash usage, managing branches, resolving conflicts, and working with platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. The text is a comprehensive guide to using Git and GitHub, covering a wide range of topics. It includes instructions on working directories, using submodules, writing good commit messages, deleting local repositories, and understanding Git workflows like Git Flow versus GitHub Flow. There are sections on packfiles, garbage collection, and the differences between concepts like HEAD, working tree, and index. Installation instructions for Git across various platforms Ubuntu, macOS, Windows, Raspberry Pi, Termux, etc. are provided, along with credential setup. The guide explains essential Git commands, their usage, and advanced topics like debugging, merging, rebasing, patch operations, hooks, subtree, filtering commit history, and handling merge conflicts. It also covers managing branches, syncing forks, searching errors, and differences between various Git operations e.g., push origin vs. push origin master, merging vs. rebasing. The text provides a comprehensive guide on using Git and GitHub. It covers creating repositories, adding code of conduct, forking and cloning projects, and adding various media files to a repository. The text explains how to push projects, handle authentication issues, solve common Git problems, and manage repositories. It discusses using different IDEs like VSCode, Android Studio, and PyCharm, for Git operations, including creating branches and pull requests. Additionally, it details deploying applications to platforms like Heroku and Firebase, publishing static websites on GitHub Pages, and collaborating on GitHub. Other topics include the use of Git with R and Eclipse, configuring OAuth apps, generating personal access tokens, and setting up GitLab repositories. The text covers various topics related to Git, GitHub, and other version control systems Key Pointers Git is a distributed version control system DVCS for source code management. Supports collaboration, continuous integration, and deployment. Suitable for both small and large projects. Developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Tracks changes, manages versions, and provides complete project history. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories. Tutorial covers Git and GitHub fundamentals and advanced concepts. Includes instructions on installation, repository creation, and Git Bash usage. Explains managing branches, resolving conflicts, and using platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. Covers working directories, submodules, commit messages, and Git workflows. Details packfiles, garbage collection, and Git concepts HEAD, working tree, index. Provides Git installation instructions for various platforms. Explains essential Git commands and advanced topics debugging, merging, rebasing. Covers branch management, syncing forks, and differences between Git operations. Discusses using different IDEs for Git operations and deploying applications. Details using Git with R, Eclipse, and setting up GitLab repositories. Explains CI/CD processes and using GitHub Actions. Covers internal workings of Git and its decentralized model. Highlights differences between Git version control system and GitHub hosting platform.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a high-speed networking technology that provides a reliable and efficient way to transport multimedia data over a network. It was designed to handle a wide range of multimedia traffic such as voice, video, and data traffic, and has become a popular choice for backbone networks in large enterprises.
In this article, we will discuss how multimedia data is transported over an ATM network.
1. ATM Cell Format:
ATM uses a fixed-length cell format of 53 bytes to transport data over the network. Each cell consists of a 5-byte header and a 48-byte payload. The header contains information about the source and destination addresses, priority, and other control information.
2. Multiplexing:
ATM uses a technique called time-division multiplexing (TDM) to multiplex multiple data streams onto a single physical link. Each stream is assigned a time slot in a round-robin fashion, and data is transmitted in a continuous stream of cells.
3. Virtual Circuits:
ATM uses virtual circuits to establish a connection between two endpoints in the network. A virtual circuit is a logical connection that is created between two endpoints for the duration of a session. It is identified by a unique identifier, called a virtual circuit identifier (VCI) and virtual path identifier (VPI).
4. Quality of Service (QoS):
ATM provides a high degree of QoS by offering different service classes to meet the requirements of different types of traffic. The service classes are defined based on the delay, jitter, and loss characteristics of the traffic. The five classes of service offered by ATM are:
• Constant bit rate (CBR)
• Variable bit rate (VBR)
• Available bit rate (ABR)
• Unspecified bit rate (UBR)
• Guaranteed frame rate (GFR)
5. Segmentation and Reassembly:
ATM uses segmentation and reassembly (SAR) to divide large data packets into smaller segments to fit into the 48-byte payload of each ATM cell. The SAR function reassembles the segments at the receiving end to reconstruct the original packet.
In conclusion, ATM is a reliable and efficient technology for transporting multimedia data over a network. Its use of virtual circuits, multiplexing, QoS, and SAR allows it to handle a wide range of traffic types and ensure that the data is delivered in a timely and reliable manner.
