Git is a distributed version control system DVCS designed for efficient source code management, suitable for both small and large projects. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously without overwriting changes, supporting collaborative work, continuous integration, and deployment. This Git and GitHub tutorial is designed for beginners to learn fundamentals and advanced concepts, including branching, pushing, merging conflicts, and essential Git commands. Prerequisites include familiarity with the command line interface CLI, a text editor, and basic programming concepts. Git was developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development and tracks changes, manages versions, and enables collaboration among developers. It provides a complete backup of project history in a repository. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories, facilitating project access, collaboration, and version control. The tutorial covers topics such as Git installation, repository creation, Git Bash usage, managing branches, resolving conflicts, and working with platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. The text is a comprehensive guide to using Git and GitHub, covering a wide range of topics. It includes instructions on working directories, using submodules, writing good commit messages, deleting local repositories, and understanding Git workflows like Git Flow versus GitHub Flow. There are sections on packfiles, garbage collection, and the differences between concepts like HEAD, working tree, and index. Installation instructions for Git across various platforms Ubuntu, macOS, Windows, Raspberry Pi, Termux, etc. are provided, along with credential setup. The guide explains essential Git commands, their usage, and advanced topics like debugging, merging, rebasing, patch operations, hooks, subtree, filtering commit history, and handling merge conflicts. It also covers managing branches, syncing forks, searching errors, and differences between various Git operations e.g., push origin vs. push origin master, merging vs. rebasing. The text provides a comprehensive guide on using Git and GitHub. It covers creating repositories, adding code of conduct, forking and cloning projects, and adding various media files to a repository. The text explains how to push projects, handle authentication issues, solve common Git problems, and manage repositories. It discusses using different IDEs like VSCode, Android Studio, and PyCharm, for Git operations, including creating branches and pull requests. Additionally, it details deploying applications to platforms like Heroku and Firebase, publishing static websites on GitHub Pages, and collaborating on GitHub. Other topics include the use of Git with R and Eclipse, configuring OAuth apps, generating personal access tokens, and setting up GitLab repositories. The text covers various topics related to Git, GitHub, and other version control systems Key Pointers Git is a distributed version control system DVCS for source code management. Supports collaboration, continuous integration, and deployment. Suitable for both small and large projects. Developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Tracks changes, manages versions, and provides complete project history. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories. Tutorial covers Git and GitHub fundamentals and advanced concepts. Includes instructions on installation, repository creation, and Git Bash usage. Explains managing branches, resolving conflicts, and using platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. Covers working directories, submodules, commit messages, and Git workflows. Details packfiles, garbage collection, and Git concepts HEAD, working tree, index. Provides Git installation instructions for various platforms. Explains essential Git commands and advanced topics debugging, merging, rebasing. Covers branch management, syncing forks, and differences between Git operations. Discusses using different IDEs for Git operations and deploying applications. Details using Git with R, Eclipse, and setting up GitLab repositories. Explains CI/CD processes and using GitHub Actions. Covers internal workings of Git and its decentralized model. Highlights differences between Git version control system and GitHub hosting platform.
In this problem, we will validate the Indian vehicle number plate using the regular expression.
The regular expression is the search pattern created using the different characters, which we can use to match a particular pattern in the given string.
Problem statement - We have given a string representing the Indian vehicle number plate. We need to use the regular expression to validate the given string.
Sample Example
Input: num1 = "GJ 03 AY 1097"
Output: Yes
Explanation - The given vehicle number plate is valid.
Input: num2 = "TN 1A3 PZ 1287"
Output: No
Explanation - The given number plate is invalid due to '1A3'.
Input: num2 = "DL 29 KJX 0001"
Output: No
Explanation - The given number plate is invalid due to 'KJX'.
The Example of a valid Indian vehicle number plate is GJ 03 AY 1097.
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The number plate contains 2 characters of state number.
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After that, it contains the 2 digits, representing the district number.
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Next, it contains 1 or 2 alphabetical characters.
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At last, it contains the 4 numeric digits.
Users can follow the below regular expression to validate the Indian vehicle number plate.
"^[A-Z]{2}[ -]?[0-9]{2}[ -]?[A-Z]{1,2}[ -]?[0-9]{4}$"
Let's understand the regular expression.
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^ − It represents the starting of the number plate.
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[A - Z]{2} − It should contain 2 alphabetical characters in the uppercase.
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[ -]? − After that, it may contain space or a hyphen.
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[0-9]{2}[ -]? − It should contain 2 digits representing the district number.
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[A-Z]{1,2} − It should contain 1 or 2 alphabetical characters.
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[0-9]{4}$ − At the end, it should contain 4 numeric digits.
Algorithm
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Step 1 − Define the regular expression pattern named patt.
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Step 2 − If the string is empty, return 'No'.
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Step 3 − Use the regex_match() method to validate the number plate string with 'patt'.
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Step 4 − If the regex_match() method returns true, return 'yes' from the function. Else, return 'No' from the function.
Example
Following are the programs to the above algorithm in various programming languages
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <regex.h>
#include <string.h>
// Function to check if a number plate is valid
char* checkForNumberPlate(char* numPlate) {
// Defining the regular expression
regex_t patt;
int reti = regcomp(&patt, "^[A-Z]{2}[ -]?[0-9]{2}[ -]?[A-Z]{1,2}[ -]?[0-9]{4}$", REG_EXTENDED);
if (reti) {
fprintf(stderr, "Could not compile regex\n");
exit(1);
}
// When the string is empty
if (strlen(numPlate) == 0) {
return "No";
}
// Return the answer after validating the number plate
if (!regexec(&patt, numPlate, 0, NULL, 0)) {
return "Yes";
} else {
return "No";
}
}
int main() {
char num1[] = "GJ 03 AY 1097";
printf("Is %s Valid? - %s\n", num1, checkForNumberPlate(num1));
char num2[] = "TN 1A3 PZ 1287";
printf("Is %s Valid? - %s\n", num2, checkForNumberPlate(num2));
return 0;
}
Output
Is GJ 03 AY 1097 Valid? - Yes Is TN 1A3 PZ 1287 Valid? - No
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <regex>
using namespace std;
string checkForNumberPlate(string numPlate) {
// Defining the regular expression
const regex patt("^[A-Z]{2}[ -]?[0-9]{2}[ -]?[A-Z]{1,2}[ -]?[0-9]{4}$");
// When the string is empty
if (numPlate.empty()) {
return "No";
}
// Return the answer after validating the number plate
if (regex_match(numPlate, patt)) {
return "Yes";
} else {
return "No";
}
}
int main() {
string num1 = "GJ 03 AY 1097";
cout << "Is " << num1 << " Valid? - " << checkForNumberPlate(num1) << endl;
string num2 = "TN 1A3 PZ 1287";
cout << "Is " << num2 << " Valid? - " << checkForNumberPlate(num2) << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
Is GJ 03 AY 1097 Valid? - Yes Is TN 1A3 PZ 1287 Valid? - No
import java.util.regex.*;
public class NumberPlateValidator {
// Function to check if a number plate is valid
public static String checkForNumberPlate(String numPlate) {
// Defining the regular expression
String patt = "^[A-Z]{2}[ -]?[0-9]{2}[ -]?[A-Z]{1,2}[ -]?[0-9]{4}$";
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(patt);
// When the string is empty
if (numPlate.isEmpty()) {
return "No";
}
// Return the answer after validating the number plate
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(numPlate);
if (matcher.matches()) {
return "Yes";
} else {
return "No";
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String num1 = "GJ 03 AY 1097";
System.out.println("Is " + num1 + " Valid? - " + checkForNumberPlate(num1));
String num2 = "TN 1A3 PZ 1287";
System.out.println("Is " + num2 + " Valid? - " + checkForNumberPlate(num2));
}
}
Output
Is GJ 03 AY 1097 Valid? - Yes Is TN 1A3 PZ 1287 Valid? - No
import re
# Function to check if a number plate is valid
def checkForNumberPlate(numPlate):
# Defining the regular expression
patt = "^[A-Z]{2}[ -]?[0-9]{2}[ -]?[A-Z]{1,2}[ -]?[0-9]{4}$"
# When the string is empty
if len(numPlate) == 0:
return "No"
# Return the answer after validating the number plate
if re.match(patt, numPlate):
return "Yes"
else:
return "No"
if __name__ == "__main__":
num1 = "GJ 03 AY 1097"
print(f"Is {num1} Valid? - {checkForNumberPlate(num1)}")
num2 = "TN 1A3 PZ 1287"
print(f"Is {num2} Valid? - {checkForNumberPlate(num2)}")
Output
Is GJ 03 AY 1097 Valid? - Yes Is TN 1A3 PZ 1287 Valid? - No
Time complexity − O(N) to match the pattern.
Space complexity − O(1), as we don't use any extra space.
Programmers may try to create another regular expression to validate the Indian vehicle number plate. For example, it should not allow space or hyphens between regular expressions. Also, the regex_search() method can validate the string using the regular expression.
