Git is a distributed version control system DVCS designed for efficient source code management, suitable for both small and large projects. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously without overwriting changes, supporting collaborative work, continuous integration, and deployment. This Git and GitHub tutorial is designed for beginners to learn fundamentals and advanced concepts, including branching, pushing, merging conflicts, and essential Git commands. Prerequisites include familiarity with the command line interface CLI, a text editor, and basic programming concepts. Git was developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development and tracks changes, manages versions, and enables collaboration among developers. It provides a complete backup of project history in a repository. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories, facilitating project access, collaboration, and version control. The tutorial covers topics such as Git installation, repository creation, Git Bash usage, managing branches, resolving conflicts, and working with platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. The text is a comprehensive guide to using Git and GitHub, covering a wide range of topics. It includes instructions on working directories, using submodules, writing good commit messages, deleting local repositories, and understanding Git workflows like Git Flow versus GitHub Flow. There are sections on packfiles, garbage collection, and the differences between concepts like HEAD, working tree, and index. Installation instructions for Git across various platforms Ubuntu, macOS, Windows, Raspberry Pi, Termux, etc. are provided, along with credential setup. The guide explains essential Git commands, their usage, and advanced topics like debugging, merging, rebasing, patch operations, hooks, subtree, filtering commit history, and handling merge conflicts. It also covers managing branches, syncing forks, searching errors, and differences between various Git operations e.g., push origin vs. push origin master, merging vs. rebasing. The text provides a comprehensive guide on using Git and GitHub. It covers creating repositories, adding code of conduct, forking and cloning projects, and adding various media files to a repository. The text explains how to push projects, handle authentication issues, solve common Git problems, and manage repositories. It discusses using different IDEs like VSCode, Android Studio, and PyCharm, for Git operations, including creating branches and pull requests. Additionally, it details deploying applications to platforms like Heroku and Firebase, publishing static websites on GitHub Pages, and collaborating on GitHub. Other topics include the use of Git with R and Eclipse, configuring OAuth apps, generating personal access tokens, and setting up GitLab repositories. The text covers various topics related to Git, GitHub, and other version control systems Key Pointers Git is a distributed version control system DVCS for source code management. Supports collaboration, continuous integration, and deployment. Suitable for both small and large projects. Developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Tracks changes, manages versions, and provides complete project history. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories. Tutorial covers Git and GitHub fundamentals and advanced concepts. Includes instructions on installation, repository creation, and Git Bash usage. Explains managing branches, resolving conflicts, and using platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. Covers working directories, submodules, commit messages, and Git workflows. Details packfiles, garbage collection, and Git concepts HEAD, working tree, index. Provides Git installation instructions for various platforms. Explains essential Git commands and advanced topics debugging, merging, rebasing. Covers branch management, syncing forks, and differences between Git operations. Discusses using different IDEs for Git operations and deploying applications. Details using Git with R, Eclipse, and setting up GitLab repositories. Explains CI/CD processes and using GitHub Actions. Covers internal workings of Git and its decentralized model. Highlights differences between Git version control system and GitHub hosting platform.
(i) Free Fall: Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it is said to be in Free Fall. During free fall initial velocity of object is zero and force of air also acts on an object. Thus real free fall is possible only in vacuum because there is no air.
For Example:
a) When an object is dropped from the top of the table it falls down only due to gravitational force hence it is under free fall.
b) An apple falling from the tree. But when we are standing on the ground, flying in a flight we are not in free fall because other forces except gravitational force are also acting.
(ii) Acceleration due to gravity: The acceleration which is gained by an object because of the gravitational force is called acceleration due to gravity.
Its S.I unit is ~~~\frac{m}{s^2}~~~
It is denoted by ‘g’ and its value at surface of earth is ~~~\frac{9.8m}{s^2}~~~. It is a vector quantity (have both magnitude and direction) and it is directed towards the center of the earth. The value of acceleration due to gravity is not fixed it changes from place to place Like at moon ‘g’ value is one-sixth of value on earth.
(iii) Escape velocity: The minimum value of initial velocity at which an object to escape from the gravitational pull/force of the earth and never comes back to the earth is called as the escape velocity.
The escape velocity from earth is about ~~~\frac{11.186 km}{s}~~~, means if an object travels 11.186 km in 1 sec it will escape from earth’s gravitational pull. All the satellites and rockets are launched with velocity equal to escape velocity in order to escape from the earth’s gravity.
(iv) Centripetal force: The force that acts on an object to keep it moving along the circular path with constant speed is called as the centripetal force.
It is given by ~~~F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}~~~
It is directed towards the center of the circle (of radius ‘r’) in which the object is moving (with velocity ‘v’).
Example: The stone tied to a piece of string whirl in circle due to centripetal force only.
The diagram below illustrates the centripetal force acting on an object towards the center.
