Git is a distributed version control system DVCS designed for efficient source code management, suitable for both small and large projects. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously without overwriting changes, supporting collaborative work, continuous integration, and deployment. This Git and GitHub tutorial is designed for beginners to learn fundamentals and advanced concepts, including branching, pushing, merging conflicts, and essential Git commands. Prerequisites include familiarity with the command line interface CLI, a text editor, and basic programming concepts. Git was developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development and tracks changes, manages versions, and enables collaboration among developers. It provides a complete backup of project history in a repository. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories, facilitating project access, collaboration, and version control. The tutorial covers topics such as Git installation, repository creation, Git Bash usage, managing branches, resolving conflicts, and working with platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. The text is a comprehensive guide to using Git and GitHub, covering a wide range of topics. It includes instructions on working directories, using submodules, writing good commit messages, deleting local repositories, and understanding Git workflows like Git Flow versus GitHub Flow. There are sections on packfiles, garbage collection, and the differences between concepts like HEAD, working tree, and index. Installation instructions for Git across various platforms Ubuntu, macOS, Windows, Raspberry Pi, Termux, etc. are provided, along with credential setup. The guide explains essential Git commands, their usage, and advanced topics like debugging, merging, rebasing, patch operations, hooks, subtree, filtering commit history, and handling merge conflicts. It also covers managing branches, syncing forks, searching errors, and differences between various Git operations e.g., push origin vs. push origin master, merging vs. rebasing. The text provides a comprehensive guide on using Git and GitHub. It covers creating repositories, adding code of conduct, forking and cloning projects, and adding various media files to a repository. The text explains how to push projects, handle authentication issues, solve common Git problems, and manage repositories. It discusses using different IDEs like VSCode, Android Studio, and PyCharm, for Git operations, including creating branches and pull requests. Additionally, it details deploying applications to platforms like Heroku and Firebase, publishing static websites on GitHub Pages, and collaborating on GitHub. Other topics include the use of Git with R and Eclipse, configuring OAuth apps, generating personal access tokens, and setting up GitLab repositories. The text covers various topics related to Git, GitHub, and other version control systems Key Pointers Git is a distributed version control system DVCS for source code management. Supports collaboration, continuous integration, and deployment. Suitable for both small and large projects. Developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Tracks changes, manages versions, and provides complete project history. GitHub is a hosting service for Git repositories. Tutorial covers Git and GitHub fundamentals and advanced concepts. Includes instructions on installation, repository creation, and Git Bash usage. Explains managing branches, resolving conflicts, and using platforms like Bitbucket and GitHub. Covers working directories, submodules, commit messages, and Git workflows. Details packfiles, garbage collection, and Git concepts HEAD, working tree, index. Provides Git installation instructions for various platforms. Explains essential Git commands and advanced topics debugging, merging, rebasing. Covers branch management, syncing forks, and differences between Git operations. Discusses using different IDEs for Git operations and deploying applications. Details using Git with R, Eclipse, and setting up GitLab repositories. Explains CI/CD processes and using GitHub Actions. Covers internal workings of Git and its decentralized model. Highlights differences between Git version control system and GitHub hosting platform.
Introduction
The software architecture can be divided into four different layers: presentation layer, application layer, business layer, and data layer. These layers are organized in the logical architecture based on their functionalities, and each layer performs a specific set of tasks. Let's discuss each layer in detail.
- Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is the topmost layer in the software architecture that is responsible for the system's user interface. It provides an interface to the user to interact with the system and retrieve information from it. The presentation layer is responsible for managing user requests, processing them, and displaying the results to the user.
The presentation layer can be further divided into two sub-layers: client-side and server-side. The client-side layer is responsible for managing the user interface, while the server-side layer is responsible for handling the server-side logic, such as authentication and authorization.
The client-side layer is usually built using web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It is responsible for rendering the user interface and sending requests to the server-side layer. The server-side layer processes the requests and sends the response back to the client-side layer, which then displays the results to the user.
- Application Layer: The application layer is the second layer in the software architecture, and it is responsible for managing the business logic of the system. It acts as an intermediary between the presentation layer and the business layer, processing user requests and generating responses.
The application layer can be further divided into two sub-layers: service layer and integration layer. The service layer provides a set of services that can be accessed by the presentation layer, while the integration layer is responsible for integrating different services and data sources.
The service layer is responsible for executing business logic, performing validations, and generating responses. It is built using programming languages such as Java, C#, or Python. The integration layer is responsible for integrating different services and data sources, such as databases and external APIs.
- Business Layer: The business layer is the core layer of the software architecture, and it is responsible for managing the business logic of the system. It contains the system's business rules, algorithms, and workflows, and it defines how data is processed and manipulated.
The business layer can be further divided into two sub-layers: domain layer and process layer. The domain layer is responsible for defining the system's entities and their relationships, while the process layer is responsible for defining the system's workflows and processes.
The domain layer contains the system's business entities, such as customers, products, and orders, and their relationships. It defines how data is processed and manipulated and how business rules are applied. The process layer defines the system's workflows and processes, such as how an order is processed or how a payment is made.
- Data Layer: The data layer is the lowest layer in the software architecture, and it is responsible for managing the system's data. It provides the system's data storage and retrieval capabilities and defines how data is stored and accessed.
The data layer can be further divided into two sub-layers: storage layer and access layer. The storage layer is responsible for managing the system's data storage, while the access layer is responsible for managing data access and retrieval.
The storage layer provides the system's data storage capabilities, such as databases, file systems, or cloud storage. It defines how data is stored, managed, and retrieved. The access layer provides an interface to access the data stored in the storage layer. It is responsible for managing data access and retrieval operations, such as querying the database or retrieving data from a file.
What is Logical Architecture ?
The logical architecture is the organization of the different layers of software architecture based on their functionalities. It defines how the layers interact with each other and how data flows through the system. The logical architecture is designed to ensure that the system is scalable, maintainable, and extensible.
The logical architecture can be organized into three different layers: presentation layer, application layer, and data layer. The presentation layer is responsible for managing the user interface, the application layer is responsible for managing the business logic, and the data layer is responsible for managing the system's data.
The presentation layer interacts with the application layer through the application programming interface (API). The API provides a set of services that can be accessed by the presentation layer to process user requests and generate responses. The application layer interacts with the data layer through the data access layer. The data access layer provides an interface to access the data stored in the data layer.
The logical architecture can be further divided into different components based on their functionalities. Each component performs a specific set of tasks and interacts with other components to achieve the system's objectives.
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User Interface Component: The user interface component is responsible for managing the user interface of the system. It provides an interface to the user to interact with the system and retrieve information from it. The user interface component interacts with the presentation layer of the software architecture.
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Business Logic Component: The business logic component is responsible for managing the business logic of the system. It contains the system's business rules, algorithms, and workflows, and it defines how data is processed and manipulated. The business logic component interacts with the application layer of the software architecture.
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Data Storage Component: The data storage component is responsible for managing the system's data storage. It provides the system's data storage and retrieval capabilities and defines how data is stored and accessed. The data storage component interacts with the data layer of the software architecture.
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Integration Component: The integration component is responsible for integrating different services and data sources. It provides an interface to access external APIs and data sources and defines how data is integrated into the system. The integration component interacts with the application layer of the software architecture.
Conclusion:
Software architecture is the blueprint of a software system that defines the system's structure and behavior. It is divided into different layers, each serving a specific purpose in the software development process. The layers are organized in the logical architecture based on their functionalities, ensuring that the system is scalable, maintainable, and extensible. The logical architecture can be further divided into different components, each performing a specific set of tasks and interacting with other components to achieve the system's objectives. Understanding software architecture and its layers is crucial for building high-quality software systems that meet the project's requirements.
